Chemical Burns: Hospital Treatment And Care

Chemical burns are injuries to the body's tissue caused by harsh or corrosive substances. They can cause damage to the skin, eyes, or the inside of the body if swallowed or inhaled. Treatment for chemical burns depends on the severity of the burn. First aid for chemical burns includes immediately rinsing the affected area with cool running water for at least 20 minutes and removing any contaminated clothing. Emergency treatment may involve decontamination, pain relievers, antibiotics, and surgery for severe burns. Most people with chemical burns do not need to be admitted to the hospital and can go home after arranging follow-up care with their doctor.

Rinse the affected area with water for at least 20 minutes

Rinsing the affected area with water for at least 20 minutes is a crucial step in treating chemical burns. This step helps to dilute and wash away any remaining chemicals, reducing further damage to the affected area. It is important to act quickly and rinse the area for the full 20 minutes, even if the chemical seems to have been removed earlier. This is because the chemicals can continue to cause damage even after they are no longer visible. The water should be cool, as this can help soothe the affected area and reduce discomfort.

In the case of a chemical burn to the eye, it is important to tilt the head to the side to protect the other eye. Then, gently rinse the affected eye with cool water for 20 minutes. This timely and thorough rinsing process is crucial in mitigating the potential damage caused by the chemical exposure. It is important to note that the rinsing process should not be rushed, and seeking medical attention is still recommended after performing this first aid step.

The type and concentration of the chemical, as well as the length of exposure, can greatly influence the severity of the burn. For example, acids such as sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid, and bases such as sodium hydroxide and ammonia, are commonly associated with chemical burns. The location of the burn also plays a role in the extent of the damage. Contact with mucosal surfaces, such as the eyes, can result in earlier and more extensive damage compared to intact skin, which offers some barrier protection.

Additionally, ingesting chemicals can lead to both direct and absorptive toxicity, causing short-term and long-term health issues, or even death. This is why it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention for chemical burns, especially in cases of ingestion. While rinsing with water is an important first step, medical professionals will be able to provide further treatment options, such as applying antibiotics to prevent infection and providing pain relievers if needed.

In summary, rinsing the affected area with water for at least 20 minutes is a critical first aid step in treating chemical burns. It helps to dilute and remove any remaining chemicals, reducing further damage. However, due to the potential severity of chemical burns, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible, even after performing this initial rinsing step.

Cover the burn with a sterile dressing

When treating a chemical burn, it is important to cover the burn with a sterile dressing to protect the wound and aid the healing process. Here are some detailed steps to follow:

Firstly, select an appropriate dressing for the burn. There are several options available, including gauze dressings and biosynthetic dressings. Gauze dressings are commonly used and can be purchased commercially. Fine-mesh gauze or non-adherent gauze is suitable for covering burn wounds. Biosynthetic dressings, on the other hand, have skin-like characteristics and can adhere to the wound, remaining in place for extended periods.

Before applying the dressing, ensure that you have cleaned the burn area thoroughly. Rinse the burn with water to remove any remaining chemical residue and help alleviate the burning sensation. Gently pat the area dry with a clean cloth or sterile gauze. It is important not to rub the burn, as this can cause further damage to the skin.

When applying the dressing, use sterile techniques. Wash your hands thoroughly or wear sterile gloves if available. If using gauze, place a layer of dry, sterile gauze directly over the burn wound. Do not apply direct pressure to the burn, as this can be painful and further damage the tissue. Instead, gently touch only the edges of the gauze when placing it on the skin.

Secure the dressing in place by wrapping a sterile gauze roll around the affected area. Start wrapping from the end of the limb, moving towards the body. Ensure that the wrapping is not too tight, as this can restrict blood flow. Secure the wrap with tape. For burns on fingers or toes, pad the individual digits and separate them with gauze strips.

Depending on the type of dressing, you may need to apply a topical agent or ointment. Some dressings are impregnated with antimicrobials, such as silver, which can help prevent infection. If your dressing is not impregnated, you may apply a layer of antibiotic cream or ointment, such as bacitracin or mupirocin, directly to the wound. However, do not apply ointment to first-degree or superficial burns.

It is important to change the dressing regularly to promote healing and prevent infection. For children, dressings should be changed daily. For adults, the frequency of changes may vary depending on the severity and location of the burn. Always follow the instructions provided by your healthcare professional.

Administer pain relievers and antibiotics to prevent infection

Chemical burns can cause serious tissue damage to the skin, eyes, or the inside of the body. They can be caused by exposure to harsh substances such as bleach, battery acid, disinfectants, or even swallowing household chemicals. These burns can cause permanent tissue damage, scarring, or even death in severe cases. Therefore, it is crucial to seek immediate medical attention for any chemical burn, even if it appears mild.

In a hospital setting, the treatment for chemical burns will depend on the severity of the burn. Medical professionals will evaluate the depth and extent of the damage, the level of pain, and the presence of swelling or infection. For mild to moderate chemical burns, treatment may include:

• Pain relievers: Hospitals may provide prescription pain medications such as acetaminophen with codeine, morphine, or meperidine for severe burns. For mild to moderate pain, ibuprofen or acetaminophen can be taken to relieve pain and reduce swelling.
• Antibiotics: Topical antimicrobial therapy is often applied to prevent or treat infections. In some cases, systemic antibiotics may be administered through a vein in the arm to prevent or treat underlying infections. According to the French Society for Burn Injuries (SFETB), antibiotics should be given once an infection has been diagnosed.
• Nutrition: Good nutrition is also important during recovery. Vitamins and minerals can promote wound healing and help prevent the spread of infection.

In addition to pain relievers and antibiotics, other aspects of hospital treatment for chemical burns may include:

• Rinsing: The affected area may be rinsed with cool water to wash away any remaining chemicals and soothe the burn.
• Bandaging: Dry dressings or bandages are applied to mild or moderate burns after rinsing.
• Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove severely burned skin or repair perforations in the gastrointestinal tract. Skin grafting may also be necessary.

Surgery may be required for severe burns, including skin grafts

Chemical burns can cause severe tissue damage to the skin, eyes, or internal body parts. They can be caused by coming into contact with harsh substances such as bleach, battery acid, or disinfectants. Those who work with chemicals are particularly at risk, including construction workers, factory workers, and laboratory technicians. Children are also highly susceptible to chemical burns, as they may accidentally touch or swallow household chemicals.

Chemical burns range from mild to severe. While mild chemical burns typically heal quickly, severe chemical burns can inflict permanent tissue damage, scarring, or even prove fatal. Immediate medical attention is crucial for chemical burns, even if they appear mild. Without prompt treatment, chemical burns can continue to cause tissue damage even after the initial contact.

In the hospital, the treatment for chemical burns depends on the severity of the injury. First-degree burns, which only affect the top layer of the skin, are usually treated by covering the wound and managing pain with over-the-counter medication. Second-degree burns can be mild to moderate, and third-degree burns are the most severe, causing extensive thickening and a white, leathery appearance.

For severe chemical burns, surgery, including skin grafts, may be necessary. Skin grafting is a complex and costly surgical procedure reserved for serious burns. It involves grafting healthy skin onto the burn injury. Skin grafting is often considered for third-degree burns and deep second-degree burns. The procedure has been shown to be effective in treating deep burn wounds and promoting tissue repair.

The decision to perform skin grafting is made by an experienced burn surgeon. In some cases, conservative treatment may be preferred due to factors such as extensive body trauma, large burn areas, or patient preference. Nonsurgical treatments for burns may include chemotherapy with collagenase, hydrocolloids for wound bed preparation, and intravenous administration of fluids.

Safety precautions to reduce risk: use safety gloves and eye protection

Safety should always be a priority when working with chemicals, and proper precautions must be taken to reduce the risk of injury. Chemical burns can cause severe tissue damage to the skin, eyes, or the inside of the body, and in some cases, can even be fatal. Therefore, it is imperative to use safety gloves and eye protection to safeguard against these risks.

When it comes to safety gloves, opt for chemical-resistant gloves that are specifically designed for handling hazardous materials. These gloves are made with special protective materials that won't absorb or break down when exposed to chemicals. They come in various sizes and types, including disposable and reusable options. Reusable gloves, in particular, require thorough cleaning at the start and end of each shift to prevent cross-contamination. Additionally, always follow the manufacturer's instructions for cleaning and disinfecting the gloves to ensure their effectiveness.

For eye protection, it is crucial to understand that prescription glasses or sunglasses do not provide sufficient protection against chemical burns. Instead, opt for safety goggles or a face shield. Safety goggles are made from smash-resistant materials and seal against the face, preventing liquids or powders from entering. Face shields offer maximum protection against splash injuries and are recommended when handling dangerous chemicals. Always follow manufacturer guidelines and replace eye protection regularly to ensure its effectiveness.

It is also important to know the chemicals you are working with. Check the chemical's label and its Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for information on safe handling and always strictly follow the manufacturer's instructions. Additionally, consider choosing safer products when possible, opting for less toxic alternatives to hazardous chemicals. By taking these safety precautions and using the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), you can significantly reduce the risk of chemical burns and protect your health.

Frequently asked questions