Boosting Iron Levels: Hospital Treatment Options

Iron is a mineral found in certain foods and is important for transporting oxygen in the blood. Iron deficiency is common, especially in women of reproductive age, and can lead to iron depletion, iron deficiency, and eventually iron deficiency anemia. To treat iron deficiency, doctors may recommend iron supplements, which should be taken on an empty stomach, and advise dietary changes to include more iron-rich foods. In cases of severe iron deficiency anemia or malabsorption, intravenous iron or blood transfusions may be required. On the other hand, some people may experience hemochromatosis, or iron overload, which can be genetic or due to factors like alcohol abuse and is treated by therapeutic phlebotomy to remove excess iron from the body.

Iron-rich foods

Iron is important for transporting oxygen in the blood. Iron deficiency can cause iron depletion, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is when your hemoglobin levels are so low that your blood is unable to deliver enough oxygen to your cells.

There are two types of iron: heme and non-heme iron. Heme iron is better absorbed by the body and is commonly found in animal tissue and animal-based products such as liver, red meat, pork, poultry, and seafood. Non-heme iron is commonly found in plant foods such as legumes (beans, peas, lentils), nuts, seeds, and certain vegetables.

Heme iron sources

• Liver
• Red meat
• Pork
• Poultry
• Seafood

Non-heme iron sources

• Legumes (beans, peas, lentils)
• Nuts
• Seeds
• Vegetables (spinach, broccoli, dark leafy greens)
• Fruits (raisins, apricots, prunes)
• Fortified cereals, grains, bread, and pasta
• Tofu

It is important to note that the absorption of non-heme iron can be increased by pairing it with vitamin C-rich foods, such as tomatoes, citrus fruits, and peppers. Additionally, iron supplements are available for those who need an extra boost, but it is important to take them as directed by a doctor and be aware of potential side effects and interactions.

Iron supplements

Iron deficiency is a common issue, especially for women of reproductive age, and can lead to anemia. Iron is needed to form hemoglobin, which is a part of red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body. Iron is mostly stored in hemoglobin, but around one-third is stored in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver.

It is important to consult a doctor before taking iron supplements, as they will advise on the correct dose and duration of treatment. They will also investigate and treat any underlying causes of iron deficiency.

Iron absorption

There are two types of dietary iron: haem iron and non-haem iron. Haem iron is found in animal tissue and animal-based products, while non-haem iron is present in plant foods such as dried beans, lentils, and iron-fortified cereals. The body absorbs iron from a typical Western diet (including animal foods) at a rate of around 18%, while a vegetarian diet provides about 10% absorption. However, individual absorption rates may vary, and some people may absorb much less iron even when consuming iron-rich foods.

To enhance iron absorption, it is recommended to take iron supplements or iron-rich foods on an empty stomach. This is because fibres, grains, and other cereals can impair absorption. Additionally, low acid levels in the stomach can hinder iron absorption, so it is best to avoid taking iron with antacids or proton pump inhibitors. Iron supplements may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhoea, and it is important to consult a doctor if these occur.

For those who are unable to absorb iron effectively through their diet or supplements, intravenous (IV) iron may be necessary. This is often the case for individuals with malabsorption issues or gastrointestinal abnormalities that impact their ability to absorb iron from food sources. In severe cases of iron deficiency anaemia, blood transfusions may be required to quickly replace iron and haemoglobin levels.

It is important to note that iron absorption and requirements vary based on individual factors such as age, gender, and physiological changes. For example, menstruating women have higher dietary iron needs due to iron loss through menstrual blood.

Iron deficiency anaemia

The symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia include tiredness, pale skin, breathlessness, dizziness, and fatigue. To diagnose the condition, doctors will usually test ferritin levels, as ferritin is a protein that helps store iron in the body. If ferritin levels are low, it indicates an iron deficiency. Additional tests may be required to identify the underlying cause, such as an endoscopy or colonoscopy.

To treat iron deficiency anaemia, doctors will often recommend iron supplements, which can be taken orally or intravenously, depending on the severity of the condition. Iron supplements can cause side effects such as stomach irritation and discoloured bowel movements, so they should be taken on an empty stomach to increase absorption. In some cases, blood transfusions may be necessary to quickly replace iron and haemoglobin.

It is important to note that iron deficiency anaemia cannot be corrected overnight. Patients may need to take iron supplements for several months or longer to replenish their iron reserves. Dietary changes may also be recommended, as iron is found in many foods, including red meat, poultry, seafood, legumes, dark leafy greens, and iron-fortified cereals. However, it is important to avoid taking iron supplements with certain foods, such as milk or black tea, as they can reduce absorption.

In summary, iron deficiency anaemia is a serious condition that can be effectively treated with medical intervention and dietary changes. Patients should consult their doctor for personalised advice and to rule out any underlying causes that may require additional treatment.

Iron overload

While iron is essential for transporting oxygen in the blood, iron overload, also known as hemochromatosis, can be harmful. Iron overload occurs when there is an excess of iron stores in the body, which can damage organs. This condition can arise from several factors, including primary and secondary causes.

Primary iron overload is often inherited due to genetic mutations, with Hereditary Hemochromatosis being the leading cause of iron overload disease. In 1996, two gene mutations (C282Y and H63D) of the HFE gene were discovered, which are linked to primary iron overload. Less common genetic mutations are found in the HAMP, HJV, TFR2, and SLC40A1 genes, categorised as non-HFE hemochromatosis.

Secondary iron overload is typically caused by factors such as transfusion, hemolysis, or excessive dietary or parenteral iron consumption. The body's iron stores can exceed normal limits due to these secondary factors. Excess iron is deposited into organs, commonly affecting the liver, heart, and endocrine glands.

The symptoms and disease associated with iron overload are related to the specific organ damage caused by the deposition of excess iron. To manage this condition, clinicians employ various interventions, including therapeutic phlebotomy, chelation therapy, and dietary modifications, tailored to the patient's needs and the underlying causes of iron overload. It is crucial to collaborate with an interprofessional team to enhance patient outcomes and effectively manage this condition.

Iron supplements, while helpful in treating iron deficiency, can also lead to iron overload if not taken as advised by a doctor. It is important to be aware of the side effects of iron supplements, such as dark-coloured or black stools, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhoea. If you suspect an iron overdose, immediate medical attention is recommended.

Frequently asked questions