Jordan Ellis
India is one of the world's largest countries by area and population, and its healthcare market was estimated to be worth USD 372 billion in 2022. There are about 70,000 hospitals in India, with roughly 44,000 in the private sector and 26,000 in the public sector. The country has a total of 43,486 private hospitals, 1.18 million beds, 59,264 ICUs, and 29,631 ventilators. In contrast, there are 25,778 public hospitals, 713,986 beds, 35,700 ICUs, and 17,850 ventilators.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Number of Hospitals | 70,000 (44,000 private and 26,000 public) |
| Number of Beds | 1.3/1000 population (both private and public hospitals included) |
| Deficit of Beds | 1.7/1000 population |
| Additional Requirement of Beds | 2.4 million |
| Number of ICUs | 94,964 (59,264 private and 35,700 public) |
| Number of Ventilators | 47,481 (29,631 private and 17,850 public) |
| States with Poor Health Infrastructure | Bihar |
| Notable Hospitals | Aster CMI Hospital, Nanavati Hospital, Dr. Rajkrishnan Dental Hospital, Dr. Tony Fernandez Eye Hospital, etc. |
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What You'll Learn
India has around 70,000 hospitals
India is one of the largest countries in the world by area and population, and it is estimated that there are around 70,000 hospitals in the country. The Indian healthcare market was valued at USD 372 billion in 2022, marking significant growth from USD 73 billion just a decade earlier. This growth can be attributed to several factors, including an ageing population, rising per capita incomes, increased health awareness, and the expansion of health insurance.
The 70,000 hospitals in India are a combination of public and private institutions. There are approximately 44,000 private hospitals and 26,000 public hospitals. Private healthcare infrastructure accounts for nearly 62% of the country's total health infrastructure. Private hospitals are mostly found in urban areas, while rural areas, which account for over 65% of India's population, have more public hospitals.
Despite the large number of hospitals, India faces challenges in meeting the healthcare needs of its massive population. The country's existing bed-to-population ratio is 1.3 beds per 1,000 people, with a deficit of 1.7 beds per 1,000 people. This means that an additional 2.4 million beds are required to meet the recommended ratio. The disparity in healthcare infrastructure between different states in India also contributes to the challenge. For example, Bihar, one of the poorest states, has a comparable number of hospitals to Maharashtra but far fewer beds, resulting in a lower bed-to-population ratio.
To address these issues, India's healthcare system includes various medical specialties and alternative medicine systems. The country is known for its highly reputed Ayurveda hospitals, which have been a part of the ancient Indian medical system for over 3000 years. Additionally, there are hospitals specializing in fertility, pediatrics, cancer treatment, dentistry, and eye care. India's healthcare market also includes pharmaceuticals, health insurance, and medical technologies.
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There are 43,486 private hospitals
India's healthcare market is vast, and it was estimated to be worth USD 372 billion in 2022, marking a significant increase from USD 73 billion a decade earlier. The market primarily comprises hospitals, pharmaceuticals, health insurance, and medical technologies, with hospitals accounting for 80% of the market. The demand for healthcare in India is driven by several factors, including an ageing population, increasing per capita incomes, growing health awareness, and the penetration of health insurance.
The country has a total of 43,486 private hospitals, 1.18 million beds, 59,264 ICUs, and 29,631 ventilators. This accounts for nearly 62% of India's health infrastructure. Private hospitals are mostly located in urban areas, while rural areas, which account for more than 65% of India's population, have more public hospitals. However, the availability of quality healthcare services varies significantly due to income disparities. While the rich can access better healthcare, a large portion of the population cannot afford it.
The capacity of most public and private hospitals is similar in terms of bed-to-hospital, ICU-to-hospital, and ventilator-to-hospital ratios. However, in states like Bihar, which has a comparable number of hospitals to Maharashtra, the number of beds is significantly lower, with only 0.09 beds per 1000 people. This disparity has led to states mandating private healthcare providers to serve the entire population at discounted prices during emergencies, as seen in Mumbai and Delhi during the Covid-19 crisis.
To address the demand and enhance the country's healthcare infrastructure, India needs to significantly increase its real estate capacity. The pandemic has highlighted the importance of healthcare as a long-income-generating avenue for investors. India's healthcare market has been growing at an annual average rate of 18%, presenting opportunities for expansion in the industry.
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25,778 public hospitals exist
India has a total of 25,778 public hospitals, 713,986 beds, 35,700 ICUs, and 17,850 ventilators. This number of public hospitals accounts for about 26,000 of the country's hospitals, with the rest being private. India's healthcare market, estimated at USD 372 billion in 2022, is primarily driven by hospitals, pharmaceuticals, health insurance, and medical technologies. The market has grown at an annual average rate of 18%, fuelled by factors such as an ageing population, rising incomes, increased health awareness, and the expansion of health insurance.
The public hospital infrastructure in India is critical, as everyone can access it, even the wealthy. However, this results in a lower number of beds per 1,000 people, with public infrastructure dropping to 0.4 beds per 1,000. This disparity has been highlighted during crises like the Covid-19 pandemic, when state governments had to mandate private healthcare providers to offer discounted treatments.
The availability of quality healthcare services in India is closely linked to income levels. States with a significant underprivileged population, like Bihar, face challenges due to inadequate health infrastructure. Bihar, with a population larger than Maharashtra by 1.6 million, has fewer beds per 1,000 people. It has 0.09 beds per 1,000 people, one of the lowest in India, resulting in limited access to healthcare for its 120 million residents.
To address the population-to-bed ratio challenge, India needs to significantly enhance its healthcare infrastructure. According to reports, an additional 2.4 million beds are required to reach the recommended ratio. This gap presents an opportunity for public and private players to expand their presence in the healthcare industry. India's vast size and population require a combination of public and private healthcare networks to meet the diverse needs of its citizens.
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India's bed-to-population ratio is 1.3/1000
India has a bed-to-population ratio of 1.3 beds per 1,000 people, or 0.79 beds per 1,000 people in government hospitals. This means that for every 1000 people in India, there are only 1.3 hospital beds available. This ratio is significantly lower than that of other countries. For comparison, OECD countries typically have 3-8 beds per 1,000 people, with Sri Lanka at 3.1, China at 3, Thailand at 2.2, Brazil at 2.4, the USA at 3.1, and the UK at 3.9 beds per 1,000 people.
The low bed-to-population ratio in India reflects a significant underinvestment in the healthcare sector. According to a report by Knight Frank and Berkadia, India needs approximately 2.4 million more hospital beds. This shortage of medical infrastructure is particularly stark given India's status as a low-middle-income country with a high population density, vulnerability to infectious diseases, and frequent public health emergencies. The Covid-19 pandemic, for example, exposed and exacerbated the gaps in India's healthcare system.
The bed-to-population ratio varies across different states in India. Some states, such as Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan, have relatively higher numbers of beds per capita due to focused healthcare investments and smaller populations. Kerala, for instance, has 1.19 beds per 1,000 population, while Tamil Nadu has 1.07. Lakshadweep, a union territory, stands out with 3.62 beds per 1,000 population. On the other hand, states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have much lower bed densities, with Bihar having just 0.22 beds per 1,000 population and Uttar Pradesh, with over 230 million residents, having only 0.33 beds per 1,000 population. These disparities are often due to a combination of factors such as underinvestment, rapid population growth, and inefficiencies in healthcare management.
The availability of hospital beds in India is further complicated by income inequality. While everyone can access public healthcare, the infrastructure available drops to 0.4 beds per 1,000 people. In states like Bihar, where there is a large population and poor health infrastructure, the majority of residents may only have access to 0.09 public beds per 1,000 people. Even if private hospitals were mandated to serve the entire population in an emergency, Bihar would still only have 0.24 beds per 1,000 people, one of the lowest in India. This disparity in access to healthcare between the rich and poor highlights the challenges faced by India's healthcare system.
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There are specialty hospitals in India
India has a mix of public and private healthcare systems. There are 25,778 public hospitals and 43,486 private hospitals in the country. Private healthcare is flourishing in some states, such as Maharashtra, and accounts for nearly 62% of the country's total health infrastructure. However, income disparities mean that a large portion of the population cannot afford private healthcare.
- Cardiology
- Oncology
- Orthopedics
- Neurology
- Transplants
- Gastroenterology
- Urology
- Pediatrics
- Gynecology
- Dermatology
Some examples of specialty hospitals in India include:
- VS Hospitals – The Medicity in Chennai is the largest private hospital in India, with 1,250 beds. It is a leader in specialties like cardiology, oncology, and neurology.
- Apollo Hospitals in Mumbai is known for its innovation and excellence, offering sophisticated treatments with cutting-edge techniques and facilities.
- Max Healthcare is a network of 22 hospitals with over 5000 doctors, including several Max Super Speciality Hospitals in Noida, Dehradun, and Dwarka. They offer a range of specialised treatments, including radiosurgery and advanced radiotherapy for various cancers.
- Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital is a chain of eye hospitals with multiple locations in India.
- Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre has multiple centres across India and specialises in diabetes treatment and research.
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Frequently asked questions
There are about 70,000 hospitals in India. About 44,000 hospitals are private, and 26,000 are public.
India's existing bed-to-population ratio is 1.3/1000. There is a deficit of 1.7/1000, and the country needs an additional 2.4 million beds to reach the recommended ratio.
Bihar has the lowest bed-to-population ratio in India, with 0.09 beds per 1000 people.
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