Logan Reid
The CDC has specific reporting requirements that hospitals and health systems must adhere to. These requirements vary depending on the type of hospital and the data being reported. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals were required to report COVID-19 data to the federal government, and the CDC has since streamlined these reporting requirements. Additionally, the CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) measure requires hospitals to report respiratory virus data regularly, which has added new layers of responsibility for infection preventionists. Hospitals also have to report data on infections, such as central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), to the CDC's NHSN to fulfil CMS's Hospital Inpatient Quality Reporting (IQR) requirements. The CDC uses this data to inform public health responses, identify trends, and guide policy decisions.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Reporting requirements | Hospitals are required to report COVID-19 data, hospital respiratory data, and certain infection data to the CDC on a daily or weekly basis. |
| Eligible hospitals | Subsection (d) acute care hospitals, critical access hospitals (CAHs), long-term care hospitals, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, inpatient psychiatric facilities, rural emergency hospitals, etc. |
| Data elements | The number of data elements has been reduced from 62 to 44, with some fields now being optional for federal reporting. |
| Frequency of reporting | Hospitals are required to report most COVID-19 data elements daily, with some elements reported weekly. Under forthcoming guidance, all required data fields will be reported weekly. |
| Enforcement period | The enforcement period for compliance with reporting requirements has been lengthened from 14 to 28 days. |
| Training | Staff training is essential, but few hospitals have implemented formal programs since the pandemic. |
| Resources | Limited resources and the complexity of data collection have made reporting challenging for infection preventionists. |
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What You'll Learn
COVID-19 data reporting
The CDC has been collecting COVID-19 data from hospitals since 2020 under a Medicare Condition of Participation (CoP). The CDC has recently streamlined COVID-19 data reporting requirements for hospitals, reducing the number of data elements that hospitals must report from 62 to 44, and changing the reporting frequency from daily to weekly. Hospitals will now report values for each day of the previous week (Sunday-Saturday) on Tuesdays. The enforcement period for compliance with reporting requirements has been lengthened from 14 to 28 days.
The CDC uses this data to assess national trends, identify threats to intensive care unit capacity, and detect early signs of surges. The CDC has stated that this more-focused approach to data reporting will continue to provide the federal government with insights into the impact of COVID-19 on hospitals and health systems. The CDC has also stated that this change in reporting requirements will enable hospitals to shift some of their limited resources to other important priorities.
The specific data required and the reporting process have evolved several times. For example, in mid-December 2022, the CDC assumed responsibility for collecting hospital COVID-19 data. The original hospital COVID-19 data reporting CoP was set to expire at the conclusion of the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency (PHE), but the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) altered the CoP to extend COVID-19 data reporting as late as April 30, 2024.
In addition to hospital COVID-19 data, the CDC collects laboratory data and self-test results. Laboratory data is reported to state or local public health departments, and self-test results can be reported privately at MakeMyTestCount.org.
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Respiratory virus data reporting
The CDC has specific guidelines and requirements for hospitals to report respiratory virus data. The CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) measure mandates hospitals, including critical access hospitals, to report respiratory virus data regularly. This includes data on COVID-19, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The reporting frequency varies, with some data elements required daily and others on a weekly basis.
The CDC's updated hospital respiratory reporting requirements have added new responsibilities for infection preventionists (IPs). IPs are responsible for collecting and reporting data, which can be challenging, especially with limited resources and staff reliance on peer support and networks. Hospitals are advised to make infection prevention a shared responsibility to ease the burden on IPs. The CDC uses the reported data to assess national trends, identify threats to ICU capacity, and detect early signs of surges.
The CDC provides a Respiratory Virus Guidance Update with FAQs to assist hospitals and the public in understanding respiratory illnesses and their prevention and treatment. This guidance focuses on protecting those most at risk from respiratory viruses, including COVID-19, flu, and RSV. The CDC also releases a respiratory disease season outlook to help decision-makers prepare for the upcoming respiratory virus season.
To streamline the reporting process, the CDC has reduced the number of data elements hospitals must report. Additionally, the enforcement period for compliance with reporting requirements has been lengthened from 14 to 28 days. Hospitals can refer to the CDC's website and resources for specific instructions and requirements for reporting respiratory virus data.
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Infection prevention training
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) plays a pivotal role in guiding and regulating infection prevention practices. CDC's initiatives, such as streamlining COVID-19 data reporting requirements, provide valuable insights into the impact of infectious diseases on healthcare systems. Additionally, the CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network measure mandates hospitals to report respiratory virus data regularly, including critical access hospitals. This places a strain on infection preventionists (IPs), who are already facing increased responsibilities and limited resources.
To address this challenge, hospitals should prioritize staff training in infection prevention. IPs should not solely rely on peer support and professional networks but instead benefit from structured, formal programs. By treating infection prevention as a shared responsibility, hospitals can ensure that data collection and reporting are consistent and accurate. IPs should regularly check CDC dashboards and internal data summaries to inform local protocols and stay updated with CDC guidelines.
Furthermore, infection prevention training should extend beyond hospitals to include nursing homes and other long-term care facilities. These facilities have unique challenges and require specialized training to safeguard their residents effectively. By investing in comprehensive infection prevention training, healthcare facilities can enhance their ability to identify and mitigate infectious disease threats, ultimately improving patient safety and public health outcomes.
Overall, infection prevention training is a dynamic and essential component of the healthcare system's defense against infectious diseases. By empowering healthcare workers with the necessary knowledge and skills, healthcare facilities can adapt to evolving challenges and ensure the well-being of their patients and the broader community.
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Antimicrobial use and resistance data reporting
The CDC has identified antimicrobial resistance (AR) as a global threat. AR can spread between people, animals, and the environment, and cause deadly infections. To combat this, the CDC has invested in a national infrastructure to detect and respond to AR.
The CDC's Antimicrobial Resistance Solutions Initiative works with partners such as healthcare organizations, academic researchers, and public health partners to improve antibiotic use and support stewardship implementation. The CDC tracks antibiotic use and stewardship implementation data to identify opportunities for improving prescribing practices. The CDC's Office of Antibiotic Stewardship monitors antibiotic use in different healthcare settings using various data sources.
The CDC has published reports on antibiotic use and stewardship in the United States, providing an overview of its stewardship activities and emphasizing the importance of collaboration to improve patient safety. The CDC has also expanded access to surveillance data on the Antimicrobial Resistance & Patient Safety Portal. This portal provides data on inpatient antibiotic use and SAAR in the United States.
The CDC uses data from its Hospital Respiratory Reporting Rule to assess national trends, identify threats to intensive care unit capacity, and detect early signs of surges. Hospitals, including critical access hospitals, are required to report respiratory virus data regularly. The CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) collects, analyzes, and disseminates health data and statistics to inform the public and guide program and policy decisions.
The CDC's Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship provides a framework for the implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs). The implementation of these programs in acute care hospitals is assessed through the NHSN Patient Safety Component Annual Hospital Survey.
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Central line-associated bloodstream infection data reporting
Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are preventable infections that occur when germs enter the bloodstream through a central line (a central venous catheter). These infections are associated with thousands of deaths and billions of dollars in healthcare costs annually. To reduce CLABSIs, healthcare providers should adhere to recommended infection control guidelines and best practices, such as proper aseptic techniques, hand hygiene, and surveillance.
The CDC plays a crucial role in addressing CLABSIs. They work closely with health departments, federal agencies, healthcare providers, and patients to prevent these infections and control the spread of resistant germs. The CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) collects and tracks data on CLABSIs, providing valuable insights for healthcare facilities and infection preventionists (IPs). IPs are responsible for collecting and reporting data, ensuring compliance with CDC measures, and utilising CDC dashboards and data summaries to inform local protocols.
Hospitals, including critical access hospitals, are mandated to report respiratory virus data regularly to the NHSN. This reporting requirement has increased the responsibilities of IPs, who play a vital role in infection prevention and control. IPs are encouraged to collaborate and share the responsibility for data collection and reporting to manage the strain of these additional tasks.
To improve CLABSI prevention, hospitals should implement comprehensive programs encompassing staff training, checklists, and a strong culture of patient safety. Additionally, central line insertion should follow strict aseptic techniques, including maximal sterile barrier precautions and the use of 2% chlorhexidine skin preparations. Ultrasound guidance by an experienced provider can minimise mechanical complications and reduce the number of insertion attempts.
By following these guidelines and utilising the data reported through the NHSN, hospitals can effectively address CLABSIs, reduce associated deaths and costs, and enhance patient safety.
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Frequently asked questions
The CDC collects, analyzes, and disseminates health data and statistics from hospitals to inform the public and guide program and policy decisions to improve the nation's health.
Hospitals report a variety of data to the CDC, including COVID-19 data, respiratory virus data, infection data, and healthcare personnel vaccination data. The specific data required evolves over time.
The frequency of reporting depends on the type of data. For example, under current guidance, hospitals report COVID-19 data elements on a daily and weekly basis. The CDC's Hospital Respiratory Reporting Rule requires hospitals to report respiratory virus data regularly.
You can reach out to the hospital's quality reporting or information technology (IT) department to inquire about their reporting practices. If you have specific concerns about potential violations, you can contact the CDC or relevant public health authorities to seek guidance on the appropriate reporting channels.
