Jordan Ellis
Citing a university-affiliated hospital depends on the context of the citation. If the document is limited to the hospital's intranet, it should be cited as a personal communication, with an in-text citation but no reference citation. For example: (University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, personal communication, October 22, 2019). On the other hand, if the document can be accessed by someone outside the hospital, it can be cited like any other organisational document found on the web. For example: Organization Name. (Year). Title. URL.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Name of the hospital | University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics |
| Date | October 22, 2019 |
| Type of document | Infection control procedures |
| URL | https://www.uihc.org/xxxx |
| In-text citation | (University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, personal communication, October 22, 2019) |
| Reference citation | University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. (2018). Infection control procedures. https://www.uihc.org/xxxx |
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What You'll Learn
Citing a university-affiliated hospital document found on the web
APA Style:
- Author: Begin with the last name, followed by a comma and the first initial of the author's name. For example, "Smith, J." If there are multiple authors, separate their names with commas. For instance, "Smith, J., Brown, A., & Davis, R."
- Year: After the author's name, include the year of publication in parentheses. For example, "Smith, J. (2022)."
- Document Title: Next, write the title of the document in sentence case, capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns. For example, "Infection control procedures."
- Publication Information: Depending on the type of document, provide additional publication information. For a web document, include the URL or link to the document. For example, "https://www.hospital.edu/documents/infection-control.pdf."
- Example: An APA citation for a university-affiliated hospital document might look like this: "Smith, J. (2022). Infection control procedures. https://www.hospital.edu/documents/infection-control.pdf."
Other Print Sources:
If you're citing a print source or a document that is not available online, your citation will vary slightly. Here's an example based on the guidelines provided by Purdue OWL:
Book Chapter: For a chapter in an edited book or anthology, your citation would include the author's name, year of publication, chapter title, book title (in italics), editor's name, publisher, and page range. For example: "Smith, J. (2022). Infection control procedures. In Hospital Handbook (Eds: A. Johnson & M. Davis), Publisher, pp. 50-65."
Remember to consult the APA guidelines or the latest edition of the APA Publication Manual for specific instructions and variations in citation styles. Additionally, always adapt your citation style to match the format of the source if there are no specific guidelines available.
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Citing a university hospital's intranet document
If you are using APA style, there are a few things to consider. Firstly, if the document is limited to the hospital's intranet and cannot be accessed by anyone outside the hospital, it should be cited as a personal communication. This means that you would only include an in-text citation and no reference citation. The in-text citation should include the name of the hospital, "personal communication", and the date. Here is an example:
> "According to internal documentation from the University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics (personal communication, October 22, 2019)..."
Personal communications are not included on the references page because they do not have a public record. This type of citation can also be used for emails, text messages, online chats, direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures, and memos.
On the other hand, if the document can be accessed by someone outside the hospital, it can be cited like any other organisational document found on the web. The APA format for websites with organisational authors is as follows:
> Name of Organization or Author. (Date). Title. URL
For example:
> University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. (2018). Infection control procedures. https://www.uihc.org/xxxx
In this case, the parenthetical citation would look like this:
> (University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, 2018)
Remember to consult the APA style guide for more detailed and up-to-date information on citing intranet documents and other sources.
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Citing a university hospital's internal documentation
Firstly, it is important to note that internal documents may be confidential. In such cases, it is recommended to anonymise the author or organisation's name. For example, instead of providing the full name, you can use a general description such as "Hospital A". Additionally, if the date of the document is unknown, simply write "n.d." in place of the date.
Now, there are different ways to cite depending on the accessibility of the document. If the document is accessible only through the hospital's intranet, it should be cited as a personal communication. This means that you should use in-text citations only, without a reference citation. Here is an example:
> "(University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, personal communication, October 22, 2019)"
Or:
> "According to internal documentation from the University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics (personal communication, October 22, 2019)..."
Personal communications include items such as emails, text messages, online chats, interviews, and more. These types of communications do not have a public record, so they are not included on the references page.
On the other hand, if the document can be accessed by someone outside the hospital, it can be cited like any other organisational document found on the web. Here is an example of the format:
> "Organisation Name. (Date). Title. URL"
> "Parenthetical citation: (Organisation Name, Date)"
For example:
> "NSW Ministry of Health. (2022). Protecting people and property: NSW Health policy and standards for security risk management in NSW Health agencies. www.health.nsw.gov.au/policies/manuals/Pages/protecting-people-property.aspx"
> "Parenthetical citation: (NSW Ministry of Health, 2022)"
Additionally, when citing unusual material or legal citations, the APA Style Blog and the Bluebook, respectively, are recommended resources to consult for further guidance.
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Citing a university hospital's publicly available document
If the document is accessible to anyone outside of the hospital, it can be cited in the following format:
> [Name of Organisation or Author]. ( [Date]). [Title]. [URL]
For example:
> University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. (2018). Infection control procedures. https://www.uihc.org/xxxx
If the document is not shared publicly but can be accessed by your marker, it is cited as a personal communication. This includes emails, text messages, online chats, direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures, and memos. Personal communications do not have a public record, so they are only cited in the text and not on the references page. The format is as follows:
> [(Name of Organisation), personal communication, (Date)]
For example:
> [University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, personal communication, October 22, 2019]
If you are citing a bill that has been passed into law, it needs to be cited as a public law. The format is as follows:
> [Title [if relevant], bill or resolution number, xxx Cong. (year)]
For example:
> [Presidential Funding Act of 2010, S. 3681, 111th Cong. (2010)]
Alternatively, without the title, it would look like this:
> [S. 3681, 111th Cong. (2010)]
If the policy you are citing is a public law, follow the instructions for citing statutes. The format is as follows:
> [Organisation that made the policy]. (year). [Title of the policy] [(Policy No.)]
For example:
> [Organization name. (Year). Title of report. URL]
> United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf
A government website is cited in the same way as any other website. The format is as follows:
> [Entity Name]. (date). [Title of document] [Format description (optional)]. [URL]
For example:
> Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, April 6). Health in all policies. https://www.cdc.gov/policy/hiap/index.html
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Citing a university hospital's non-publicly available document
Citing a document from a university-affiliated hospital that is not publicly available depends on the citation style required. Here is how you might do it in APA and Harvard styles.
APA Style
The APA Style Blog is a great resource for understanding how to cite unusual material. If the document is limited to the hospital's intranet, cite it as a personal communication with an in-text citation only and no reference citation.
For example:
> (University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, personal communication, October 22, 2019)
> According to internal documentation from the University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics (personal communication, October 22, 2019)...
Personal communications do not have a public record, so they are not included on the references page. Only use an in-text citation, and include the initials and last name of the communicator. If the name is included in your sentence, include only "personal communication" and the date in parentheses.
Harvard Style
If the document is only available internally to staff, refer to your style guide's instructions for "unpublished or confidential information." If the document can be found via the internet and is not confidential, reference it as a document accessed online. Include a unique identifying number, if available.
For example:
> Park Hall Infant Academy (2022) Attendance and absence policy. Available at: https://primarysite-prod-sorted.s3.amazonaws.com/parkhallinfantwalsall/UploadedDocument/c74d833e-e9c2-49f3-aec9-8e4a8d238692/attendance-and-absence-policy-2022-2023.pdf (Accessed: March 3, 2023).
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Frequently asked questions
Cite the document as a personal communication. Use in-text citation only, with no reference citation. For example: (University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, personal communication, October 22, 2019).
If the document can be accessed by someone outside the hospital, it can be cited like any other organisational document found on the web. The format is as follows: Name of Organisation or Author. (Date). Title. URL. For example: University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. (2018). Infection control procedures. https://www.uihc.org/xxxx.
Emails are also considered personal communication and should be cited as such. For example: (University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, personal communication, October 22, 2019). Do not include this on your references page, but use only an in-text citation.
The APA format for citing a university-affiliated hospital would typically follow the standard format for organisations. The format is as follows: Name of Organisation or Author. (Date). Title. URL. For example: University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics. (2018). Infection control procedures. https://www.uihc.org/xxxx.
